====== Philosophy ======

===== Recommended =====

  * History of Philosophy without any gaps [[https://historyofphilosophy.net/all-episodes|(HOPWAG)]]
  * C.J. Cala [[https://www.youtube.com/@MrCJCala|(YouTube)]]

==== Ancient Philosophy (c. 600 BCE - 500 CE) ====

  * **Greek Philosophy**
      * **Presocratics**  (e.g., Thales, [[:pythagoras|Pythagoras]], Heraclitus, Parmenides): These thinkers are considered the first philosophers. They were primarily concerned with the fundamental nature of reality.
      * **Socratic Period**  (e.g., [[:socrates|Socrates]], [[:plato|Plato]], [[:aristotle|Aristotle]]): This period is marked by an emphasis on ethics, [[:politics|]], and epistemology (the study of knowledge).
      * **Hellenistic Philosophy**  (e.g., Epicureans, Stoics, Skeptics): This era saw the development of several schools of thought, each with its own views on ethics and the best way to live.
  * **Roman Philosophy**
      * Thinkers like Cicero, Seneca, and Marcus Aurelius expanded upon and adapted [[:greek|Greek]] philosophical ideas to the context of the [[:rome|Roman Empire]].


==== Medieval Philosophy (c. 500 CE - 1500 CE) ====

  * **Christian Philosophy**: Early Christian thinkers like Augustine and Thomas Aquinas sought to reconcile Christian doctrine with Greek and Roman philosophy.
  * **Islamic Philosophy**: Islamic thinkers like Avicenna (Ibn Sina) and Averroes (Ibn Rushd) played key roles in preserving and building upon Greek philosophical texts.
  * **Jewish Philosophy**: Thinkers like Maimonides integrated Jewish theology with Greek philosophy.
==== Renaissance Philosophy (c. 14th - 17th century) ====

  * This period saw a revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy. Thinkers like Erasmus and [[:Machiavelli|]] broke from medieval scholasticism and paved the way for the Enlightenment.


==== Modern Philosophy (c. 17th - 19th century) ====

  * **Rationalism**  (e.g., Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz): Emphasized the role of reason as the primary source of knowledge.
  * **Empiricism**  (e.g., Locke, Berkeley, Hume): Argued that experience is the primary source of knowledge.
  * **German Idealism**  (e.g., [[:kant|Kant]], [[:hegel|Hegel]]): Focused on the relationship between thought and reality.
  * **Existentialism**  (e.g., Kierkegaard, Nietzsche): Emphasized individual existence and freedom.


==== Contemporary Philosophy (20th century - present) ====

  * **Analytic Philosophy**: Originated in the English-speaking world, with thinkers like Russell, Wittgenstein, and Moore. It emphasizes logical analysis and clarity.
  * **Continental Philosophy**: Originated in Europe, with thinkers like Heidegger, Sartre, and Derrida. It often addresses broad historical and cultural themes.


==== Eastern Philosophy ====

  * **Indian Philosophy**: Includes the philosophical traditions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and more.
  * **[[:zhongguo|Chinese]] Philosophy**: Includes [[:confucious|Confucianism]], Daoism, and Legalism.
  * **[[:nippon|Japanese]] Philosophy**: Incorporates native [[:shinto|Shinto]] beliefs with imported Buddhist and Confucian ideas.