ἐποπτεία

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Greek Philosophy
- Presocratics (e.g., Thales, Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Parmenides): These thinkers are considered the first philosophers. They were primarily concerned with the fundamental nature of reality.
- Socratic Period (e.g., Socrates, Plato, Aristotle): This period is marked by an emphasis on ethics, politics, and epistemology (the study of knowledge).
- Hellenistic Philosophy (e.g., Epicureans, Stoics, Skeptics): This era saw the development of several schools of thought, each with its own views on ethics and the best way to live.
Roman Philosophy
- Thinkers like Cicero, Seneca, and Marcus Aurelius expanded upon and adapted Greek philosophical ideas to the context of the Roman Empire.

Christian Philosophy: Early Christian thinkers like Augustine and Thomas Aquinas sought to reconcile Christian doctrine with Greek and Roman philosophy.
Islamic Philosophy: Islamic thinkers like Avicenna (Ibn Sina) and Averroes (Ibn Rushd) played key roles in preserving and building upon Greek philosophical texts.
Jewish Philosophy: Thinkers like Maimonides integrated Jewish theology with Greek philosophy.

This period saw a revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy. Thinkers like Erasmus and Machiavelli broke from medieval scholasticism and paved the way for the Enlightenment.

Rationalism (e.g., Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz): Emphasized the role of reason as the primary source of knowledge.
Empiricism (e.g., Locke, Berkeley, Hume): Argued that experience is the primary source of knowledge.
German Idealism (e.g., Kant, Hegel): Focused on the relationship between thought and reality.
Existentialism (e.g., Kierkegaard, Nietzsche): Emphasized individual existence and freedom.

Analytic Philosophy: Originated in the English-speaking world, with thinkers like Russell, Wittgenstein, and Moore. It emphasizes logical analysis and clarity.
Continental Philosophy: Originated in Europe, with thinkers like Heidegger, Sartre, and Derrida. It often addresses broad historical and cultural themes.
Postcolonial and Decolonial Philosophy: Engages with the legacy of colonialism and seeks to develop philosophies outside of Western paradigms.

Indian Philosophy: Includes the philosophical traditions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and more.
Chinese Philosophy: Includes Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism.
Japanese Philosophy: Incorporates native Shinto beliefs with imported Buddhist and Confucian ideas.